Police Organization Essay

I this paper I am going to explain to you the various types of police agencies at the local, state, and federal level and how each is organized. I will also identify the principal roles and functions of police organizations and their roles as they relate to the law. When I am finished with my paper you should have a better understanding of police organizing and how police organization works. The United States has one of the most complex law enforcement systems because of the various levels of their policing agencies. In the United stated each town, county, state, city, and small village has it’s oh policing agency. Even though there are various police agencies the structural organization is similar. This is because all law enforcement agencies have the same objective. The organizations of the police agencies are hierarchical. Police institutions can be analyzed like organizations with several key components (Alvarado, 2008). These organizations are designed with rank structure, separate departments and units. These components work together to form a fully functioning law enforcement agency. Some examples of local agencies are city, county, town, and incorporated village police. These agencies work together in order to ensure safety at a local level. There are many different functions and roles of the local police agencies. Local police are responsible for performing many routine activities. The duties include patrolling the neighborhood community, enforcing the law, providing emergency services, conducting investigations, and upholding community relations. Local police are not responsible for enforcing the law outside their jurisdiction and assistant is needed at a higher level (Congressional Digest, 1965). As far as state level goes there are also various agencies. These agencies include state and port authority police. State police agencies have many roles when it comes to the law. The state agencies are responsible for keeping the area within the state safe, keep our highways safe, and keep our parks free of crime, violent, and violations. Federal levels are responsible for coming in and stepping up when our lower levels of authority are in desperate need of help ( example: An older man meeting up with a girl whom he had met online). The FBI has to get involved when it comes to this. Sometimes also when dealing with federal you end up dealing with government as well. The FBI and other federal police help solve crimes that lower authority cannot handle or sometimes just need some help. So as you can see the police levels have to be well organized in order to be effective and in well working order. In this paper I have explained to you the various types of police agencies at the local, state, and federal level and how each is organized. I have also identified the principal roles and functions of police organizations and their roles as they relate to the law. You should now have a better understanding of police organizing and how police organization works.

Mix of marketing activities

Undertaking 31 ) Mix of Selling Activities1. BrandingLets clients cognize what merchandise the company will bring forth with different manners and Sons. The definition of stigmatization is making a name, logo or a design that merely identifies and differentiate merchandise from others. Purpose: A successful stigmatization can set up trust and builds trueness between clients and the company, communicates the company values which mean the values of the company distinguish their merchandises from other rivals and the quality of their merchandises.2. E-mail sellingE-mail selling aids by directing messages via electronic mail to the clients to allow them cognize what merchandises will be sell in the market. Purpose: Provides personalized services to clients. Email selling can update clients every clip about the cargo of their purchased merchandises. Email selling besides enables to advance merchandises and services at the same clip.3. Banner advertsGraphical adverts which can be either on in writing or text messages that are shown on web pages. When clients clicked on the either of the adverts, it will travel on to new page and straight off unfastened to the advertizer ‘s place page. Banners are normally in formats such as GIF, JPEG or PNG. Banners are of import because they can advance, purchase and sell their merchandises utilizing this advert. Purpose: Banner advertisement can be used really efficaciously to advance a merchandise or service on the web. This will bring forth gross revenues when the concern is introduced to a immense audience. Banner advertizements will do more profitable for clients that have its ain alone qualities that can hike on-line gross revenues.4. CRMBesides known as Customer Relationship Manager. CRM is an information industry that provides a company utile and relevant information to clients in order to hold a good known relationship between the company and clients in an organized manner. The information provided must fit with the clients ‘ demands. Purpose: CRM has the undermentioned intents such as cognition direction which enables for employees to hold valuable information in what action to do, Database consolidation is to interact a client recorded in one topographic point to assist and advance client support service and Integration of channels and systems which is to react to clients through a channel of their pick such as electronic mail, phone and online chatting.5. Search engine optimisationSearch engine optimisation is a manner for hunt engines to happen and rank a site higher than other web sites in response to a hunt question and therefore helps clients easier to happen the site that they wanted. Purpose: Search engine optimisation will assist the site to advance their merchandises and services by seeking the company ‘s site. Every clip clients type the keyword of the site, the ranking of that site will travel higher. This will enable to utilize the hunt engine to the advantage in order to acquire needed traffic.6. Per chink advertisementPay per chink advertisement is besides known as Cost per chink or Pay per Ranking. Pay per chink advertisement allows clients to name the site that searched at the top of the hunt engine consequences by typing for the merchandises or services they wanted to utilize. The higher clients visit the site, the higher the advertizement will be shown in the list. Customers will pay when they click on and link to the site. Purpose: Pay per chink is a signifier of advertisement that engage websites with links of the company on other web sites. Every client chinks on the advert, certain of amount will be charged to the clients. This will assist the company to derive much more net income from ecommerce.2 ) Reasonable attacks to online selling activities.1. Registering with as many hunt enginesThe intent of registering with as many engines is to let holding a better line in with the hunt engine. This can be really valuable tool in seeing where to travel in spread outing the company ‘s web site into the market.2. Clear stigmatization and promotional bundlesThe intent of clear stigmatization and promotional bundles is that they give consumers a freedom of pick in taking their merchandises, offer a step of protection to clients because they can easy place the provider which they are fond of.3. Use of streamer advertisement theoretical accountThe intent of use of streamer advertisement theoretical account is to c onstruct consciousness, sell something, and thrust traffic to an advertizer ‘s web site.4. The usage of forumThe use of forum is a good manner to acquire back links and traffics but members must lend to the forum in order to be active in the site and non merely spamming the forum with the company ‘s links. Giving relevant and elaborate information, clients or members of the forum might be interested to look into out the nexus.3 ) Offline selling demands:I. Direct selling is a method where advertizers approach clients straight face to confront with the merchandises or services for roll uping an sum of information about their clients and clients. II. Mass selling is a maximal exposure of advertisement merchandises to clients. Merchandises that many people want will be introduced to a immense audience.a. MagazinesMagazines might and can be expensive but magazines are really utile because it focused on the advertisement to the clients which they might be interested to cognize about the advert.B. Direct MailDirect mail can be utile because the mail is straight sent from the company to clients instantly for their wants and demands. Roll uping information from clients by detecting references on their cheques and inquiring them to make full out information cards.c. NewslettersNewsletters presents can be really influential and powerful message to clients because it provides layout and design and they can bring forth really interesting newssheets in a really cheap manner.d. NewspapersBy puting advertizements about the company ‘s concern in newspapers can be really utile and may convert clients through the advertizements because newspapers ever have been read by people every twenty-four hours. This method is really effectual.4 ) Plan addresses both bing and new clientsIn order to retain clients online or offlines, the undermentioned factors should be taken into consideration:1. Developing profitable clientsIn order to set up profitable clients, the company must continuously be pulling new profitable clients in the industry sectors and they must besides active retain the profitable current clients and re-establish dealingss with past clients.2. Profiling clientsCustomer profiling is based on demographic, psychographic and geographic features. The description of clients must include income, business, and degree of instruction, age, gender, avocations or country of abode.3. Specifying clientsFor retaining clients, the company must specify their possible clients. To be successful, the company must be able to carry clients more easy and when the company able to carry them, it is easier clip to hold concern with clients.4. Deciding targeted groupTargeted group will be decided by the company which clients will establish on their age and gender. Each group will be able to prove their merchandises which may be a positive manner to derive client ‘s trust and do even more net income.5 ) Compile prospective clients in the groupa. Plan to turn to bing clientsI ) Offer truenessIf the company plans to do the bing clients loyal to them, they must offer them a particular deal such as take downing the monetary value in order to do them happy and loyal.two ) Tell-a-friend optionThe company can state the bing clients to advance their site and concern to their friends in order to derive more loyal clients.three ) Offer pre or station gross revenues servicesOffering pre gross revenues services to clients, the company must be able to research and program new merchandise before giving out to clients in order for them to do a suggestion and do a better merchandise for them to be happy.four ) Considerin g monetary value factors based on clients need.Reducing monetary values on the merchandises that the clients ever need will be able to retain the bing client ‘s trueness.B. Plan to turn to new clientsI ) Mailing listMailing list such as direct mail is an effectual manner to convey a message or a manner to publicize and advance a new specific merchandise to big audiences in order to derive new clients.two ) OffersOffers will be given to clients such as take downing the monetary value as considered by the company for a chosen merchandise that might acquire the client ‘s purpose.three ) MembershipsNew clients will be offered full rank for them to acquire the latest intelligence and information about new merchandises of their demands.four ) Easy payment servicesNew clients may be able to utilize their recognition cards if they are buying their merchandises online because it is easier for them to pay without any transit required.6 ) Sphere nameCompany name is called â€Å"Ar ts and Crafts online†Sphere NameTypeHandinessartzandcraftzonline.comCommercialYesfun-artsandcrafts-online.comCommercialYesartscrafts4u.comCommercialYesThe best sphere name that have been chosen is artscrafts4u.com Reasons on why this sphere name is the best:This sphere name is short and easier for clients to retrieve the site.This sphere name may be interesting for clients in order for them to see the site more frequently.The sphere name can pull clients in doing concerns.

Are We Taking It Too Far by Blaming Fast Food Restaurant?

Are we taking it too far by blaming fast food restaurant for obesity? Although throughout the years many people have claimed that obesity is a genetic disorder for the most part; results of recent studies strongly indicate that lifestyles rather than genetics are what are causing an obese society, because people choose to not exercise, not watch their diet, and eat fast food. For the past few decades, food companies had aimed their marketing at single meals, pushing to inflate portion sizes. That initiative was wildly successful.As the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recently reported, the average restaurant meal in the United States is now an unfathomable four times larger than it was in 1950(Health). That has translated into â€Å"Americans now consume 2,700 calories a day, about 500 calories more than 40 years ago,† according to The Atlantic Monthly. One predictable result of this trend is an obesity rate that's poised to top 40 percent and that already costs the nation hundreds of billions of dollars in additional health care expenditures.The other result is that the supersize campaign has become a victim of its own success. Indeed, food companies are coming to realize that, in terms of per-meal product sales, they are quickly approaching the point where the human body simply cannot — or will not — accommodate any more calories in a single sitting. That has left Big Food fretting about a profit-making path forward, and that's where the innovators at Yum Brands come in.Known for ignoring public health concerns and pioneering weapons-grade junk food, this conglomerate's subsidiaries have most recently given us the cheeseburger-stuffed pizza (Pizza Hut), the Doritos-shelled taco (Taco Bell), and the â€Å"Double Down† (KFC) — a bacon-and-cheese sandwich that replaces bread with slabs of deep-fried chicken. So it should come as no surprise that with the three meals hitting their caloric max-out point, Yum Brands has been leading the effort to add a whole new gorging session to America's daily schedule.The campaign is called â€Å"fourth meal† and was originally launched in a series of Taco Bell spots telling kids that â€Å"everyone is a fourth mealier — some just don't know it yet. † Now, new â€Å"fourth meal† ads are once again popping up all over television, insisting that â€Å"sometimes the best dinner is after dinner(Dhar Tirtha). † The ads are backed by an eponymous website and a â€Å"cravinator† Smartphone app that helps binge eaters select their junk food of choice.Though the â€Å"fourth meal† campaign has been ongoing since 2006, it is particularly notable today because it proves that such marketing will persist even as the obesity epidemic becomes a full-fledged, headline-grabbing emergency. And it persists, of course, because these kinds of ads are wholly unregulated and tend to deliver for the food industry. A staggering 66% of p eople in America are considered obese. Studies suggest that fast-food consumption has increased fivefold among since 1970(Health). The fact of the matter is that obesity is spreading exponentially as well as fast food chains across the nation.Several different components attribute to these high numbers of obesity. When these components are combined, the likelihood of obesity increased as well. The three major components that are the catalyst to obesity in our nation are food choices, society, and lifestyle. Obesity is an end result of the intricate interactions of behavior, and environment. Recent hypotheses in the scientific community suggest the current obesity epidemic is being driven largely by environmental factors (e. g. , high energy/high fat foods, fast food consumption, television watching, â€Å"super-sized† portions, etc. rather than biological ones. Individuals are bombarded with images and offers of high fat, high calorie, highly palatable, convenient, and inexpe nsive foods. These foods are packaged in portion sizes that far exceed federal recommendations. Furthermore, the physical demands of our society have changed resulting in an imbalance in energy intake and expenditure. Today's stressful lifestyles compound the effects of environmental factors by impairing weight loss efforts and by promoting fat storage.Combating the obesity epidemic demands environmental and social policy changes, particularly in the areas of portion size, availability of healthful foods, and promotion of physical activity. Food choices are often made without thinking. The fact of the matter is that many Americans do not have time to sit down and have a home cooked meal. This is unfortunate, because our society is always on the run. Many turn to fast food as a quick and easy option. What they fail to realize is that the choices they make are more harming then effective. Bibliography Dhar Tirtha, amd Kathy Baylis. fast food consumption and the ban on advertising targ eting children. † The Quebec experience (2011): 799-813. This article talk about amid growing concerns about childhood obesity and the associated health risks, several countries are considering banning fast food advertising targeting children. In this article, the authors study the effect of such a ban in the Canadian province of Quebec. Using household expenditure survey data from 1984 to 1992, authors examine whether expenditure on fast food is lower in those groups affected by the ban than in those that are not.The authors use a novel triple difference-in-difference methodology by appropriately defining treatment and control groups and find that the ban’s effectiveness is not a result of the decrease in fast food expenditures per week but rather of the decrease in purchase propensity by 13% per week. Overall, the authors estimate that the ban reduced fast food consumption by US$88 million per year. The study suggests that advertising bans can be effective provided me dia markets do not overlap. Health, BMC Public. â€Å"Neighborhood fast food restuarant and fast food consumption. BMC Public Health (2011): 543-550. The article presents a study conducted to estimate the effect of neighborhood fast food availability on frequency of fast food consumption in a national sample of young adults in the U. S. , a population at high risk for obesity. The study found that there are chances that policies aiming to reduce neighborhood availability as a means to reduce fast food consumption among young adults will not be successful. The future research needs to consider individual lifestyle attitudes among other things. Hung- Hao, Chang and Rodofo M. Nayga Jr. Childhood obesity and unhappiness: The influence of soft drinks and fast food consumption. † Journal of Happiness Studies (2010): 261-275. Hung-Hao explains the growing body of literature has examined the determinants of childhood obesity, but little is known about children’s subjective wel lbeing. To fulfill this gap, this paper examines the effects of fast food and soft drink consumption on children’s overweight and unhappiness. Using a nationwide survey data in Taiwan and estimating a simultaneous mixed equation system, our results generally suggest a tradeoff in policy implication.Fast food and soft drink consumption tend to be positively associated with children’s increased risk of being overweight but they are also negatively associated with their degree of unhappiness. Current and future policy/program interventions that aim to decrease fast food and soft drinks consumption of children to reduce childhood obesity may be more effective if these interventions also focus on ways that could compensate the increase in degree of unhappiness among children. Settler, Nicolas. Fast Food Marketing and children's fast food consumption:Exploring Parents Influences in an Ethically Diverse sample. † Public Policy & Marketing (2007): 221-235. Settler shows how fast-food marketing to children is considered a contributor to childhood obesity. Effects of marketing on parents may also contribute to childhood obesity. The authors explore relevant hypotheses with data from caregivers of 2- to 12-year-old children in medically underserved communities. The results have implications for obesity-related public policies and social marketing strategies.

Feedback Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Feedback - Assignment Example The student offered a viable example of how businesspeople may affect the society. However, the student’s explanation of the Utilitarianism theory was not complete. The student did not offer supporting evidence to the explanation given. The student needed to reflect more on the reasons why the Utilitarianism Theory appels to them over the other theories. The student displayed good understanding of the Utilitarianism Theory. However, the student’s explanation of the theory was not exhaustive. The student failed to express reasons for the criticism of the theory. The student exhibited adequate understanding of the Utilitarianism Theory and explained the reasons for preferring the theory. The student arranged his work in a logical manner, making it easy to follow and understand the literature. The student referenced correctly as per the APA rules of referencing. The student earned 8.5 marks out of

Recommendation Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Recommendation Report - Essay Example The two investors sued Bright Light for failure to honor their contract and fraudulently obtaining money from them. With evidence and witnesses having presented and appeared before the duly, the court ordered that I should conduct a thorough investigation and auditing of Bright Light company. In interviewed Thomas and Pius Longman, the CEO of Bright light. During my investigations, I found out that Bright Light had actually used Thomas in several occasions in order to manipulate its records in order to please investors. I recommend that Bright Light directed to refund the money they owe the plaintiffs. Additionally all their dividends must be paid in full in reference to the contract. On the other hand, Thomas should be subjected to the full force of the law. In addition, he should be barred from participating into any form of transactions by any of the auditing firm for the next three years. Key words: fraud, Bright Light consultant firm, manipulation of company’s records, pl ease investors. Introduction Mr. Mark Thomas was an accountant at Bright Light consultant firm. Several allegations were raised in regard to allegations of fraud by the company. In essence, in the bid by the company to develop and maintain competitive advantage, it resulted into venturing into fabricating fake accounting documents in order to attract more shareholders. In 2012, Mr. Thomas was in charge of the accounting department. ... This dubious act was intended to build confidence of potential investors in Bright Light performance. Consequently, many people invested in the company with expectations that they would get good returns in regard to the good performance record portrayed by the company. Nevertheless, this act of fraud by Bright Light would not last for long before the scandal was revealed by some investors after the company failed to honor its agreement with the investors in relation to payments of dividends due by the end of their first year they entered into a contract with the company. As a result of these deliberations, two investors sued Bright Light for failure to honor their contract and fraudulently obtaining money from them. With evidence and witnesses having presented and appeared before the duly, the court ordered that I should conduct a thorough investigation and auditing of Bright Light company. Specifically, the court wanted me to find answers to the following questions: 1. Did Thomas en gage in manipulating records? 2. If yes, why did he do that? 3. Was the company CEO aware of these accounts? 4. What is the best way to deal with such incidences if proved to be there? Results With such accounts, it is evident that Bright Light had ventured into dangerous business that put Thomas into controversy especially when it came to having a dilemma on whether he would keep the secret in order to retain his job or on the other hand, to tell the truth in order to save hundreds of investors who had invested in Bright Light. Studies have indicated that, in the accounting sector, it is crucial for persons in this profession to exercise the highest level of honesty and accountability when discharging their mandates (Hoffman, 1996;

Identify a contract issued by the City of Chicago in 2013, briefly Essay

Identify a contract issued by the City of Chicago in 2013, briefly - Essay Example The company delves into the programmatic and operational difficulties that government agencies experience and assist in finding for solutions to such difficulties. Bronner Group was issued this contract on May 20th, 2013. The contract was to offer target business financial consulting services on compliance audits in the department of procurement services (City of Chicago 1-4). The Chicago City issued Bronner Group two contracts in 2013. These contracts were contract numbers 28193 and 27778. Bronner Group Company was awarded 140, 000 US dollars for Contract 28193 (City of Chicago 1). However, contract 27778 was a contract that depended upon requirements. A contract that depends upon conditions is a contract with unspecified quantities of services or goods in which the City of Chicago places orders when need arises. City of Chicago. City of Chicago Economic Disclosure Statement and Affidavit Related to Contract/Amendment/Solicitation. Chicago: City of Chicago,  2014. Web. 29  Mar.  2014.

Why is freedom important Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Why is freedom important - Essay Example Society has lived this way for eons and, although there have been efforts from certain sectors to try to curb these logical and natural freedoms, we have always lived our lives free of any constraints. Unfortunately, we oftentimes fail to acknowledge this fact which is why we end up taking the freedoms that we have in our lives for granted. While other countries struggle for a semblance of democracy and their people are crying out for freedom, we simply go about our free lives without a worry or care in the world. That is why there is a need for us, as a collective society, to come to an understanding as to what the true meaning of freedom is and why it is important to all of us. It is perhaps best to begin the discussion of the importance of freedom on the basis of the Harm Principle. According to Oliviera (2006), under this principle, the actions of individuals should only be limited once it is proven that the person will cause great harm to those around him. This is the basis of t he laws that govern our land. I cannot stress the importance of the Harm Principle in our daily lives for this is the principle upon which all our other freedoms are based upon. I do not doubt that this is also the principle upon which arrest and imprisonment of people doing harm to others comes from. After all, if you cause harm to another human being, you end up in jail. That is what the Harm Principle is all about and that is why it is the most important basis of our most basic freedoms in our society today. The Harm Principle presents us with a maxim that has allowed people to develop their sense of freedom in a responsible manner. This is known as the Liberty Principle which, allows people to develop their individuality through freedom of choice. By allowing people to have options in life, a person is forced to view the pros and cons of his possible decisions and then go with the decision that he feels will best serve his individual identity. He has the freedom to choose from a ny number of outcomes, hence the Liberty Decision. He makes his decision free of guilt and responsibility to others. His sole responsibility in this respect, it only to himself thus making his decision absolute. Without the Harm Principle to consider, we would not have encountered the need for positive and negative liberty among our people. Carter (2011) thoroughly explains that the Harm principle is possibly what gave way to the emergence of the positive and negative liberties of man. Simply put, the negative liberty is one that offers no obstacles to living a life secure in the freedom that he is experiencing. It was Isaiah Berlin (Carter, 2011) who explained that negative freedom is simply the absence of obstacles in life that prevent one from living life. Negative freedom is a sense of liberty that we all experience if there are no external interferences from groups that could hamper our freedom of movement and choice. Whereas positive freedom is one that exists due to need to c ontrol a certain situation or event due to the internal factors being the basis for individuals and groups to act independently of each other. Having said that, it seems only logical, after having developed an understanding of the importance behind positive and negative liberty, we come to a discussion Rousseau's Theory of freedom. As per Simpson's (2006), understanding of Rousseau's Theory of Freedom, there are actually 4 kinds of freedom that should be deemed relevant to politics. These freedoms are: 1. Natural freedom 2. civil freedom, democratic freedom, 3. moral freedom. This is supposed to be the social contract that supposedly binds us all to humanly treating each other regardless of personal sentiment. It is believed that the aforementioned freedoms are the basis that we as a people use to

Beneficiaries of U.S. Welfare Programs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Beneficiaries of U.S. Welfare Programs - Essay Example 3). Therefore, the U.S. Welfare programs aim to stabilize the well-being and healthy balance of people of the U.S. The U.S Welfare programs focus mainly on food needs of children, economics, and education. Among of these welfare programs are the School Milk Program of 1973, the Basic Educational Opportunity Grants, and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act by Obama. The School Milk Program of 1973 aims to provide free milk in schools especially in needy children. Approximately 111,000 half pints of milk were served daily and 13.5 million cartons were sold daily at reduced prices. Almost 3% of the total nonfarm milk consumption was allocated in school milk program. In 1973, the milk, children received from this program is separate from the milk included in school lunches and breakfasts but the new school lunch act requires application of income rules for free and subsidized lunches to school milk. It is a prerequisite that schools participate in both programs, school milk program and school lunch act, in order to qualify the children for free school lunch and servings of extra milk (Anderson, 1980, p. 217). Education welfare programs such as Basic Educational Opportunity Grants are intended for needy college students and for students in vocational and technical schools.

Sykes Enterprises Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 14

Sykes Enterprises - Essay Example Convergys Corporations and TeleTech Holdings Inc. have been the major players in the industry that have captured a larger segment of the market leading to small companies like Sykes Enterprises focusing on cost-competitive strategies rather than quality competitiveness. The mission of Sykes is to provide its customers with competitive rates so that it can provide its customers with the lowest rates. Sykes’ strategy is to compete with the industry leaders on cost. It has to thus ensure that its operations stay profitable for it to continue its operations. Its mission and objectives are aligned with the amount of competition in the market and allow Sykes to target the same companies its competitors are targeting, however, offering the lowest rates in town. There is no need to review the mission and objectives, but the strategy needs re-working. It is obvious that Sykes can take more than one action to improve its revenues and build a profitable business. The closure of its operations in India has resulted in the consolidation of its costs in the United States. The competitors of Sykes have resorted to opening up call centers in South East Asian nations such as the Philippines to counter the high turnover costs and possible wage rises in Indian cities due to growing economies. One of the strategic alternatives for Sykes could be to introduce a culture of hiring fresh graduates and providing them training and binding them with contracts to serve Sykes for a period of two years. This would result in a significant drop in turnover for a temporary period. Reduction in the hiring and firing costs will result in lower running costs that will allow Sykes to offer lower rates to its customers. It would be wise for Sykes to continue its contracts with various towns and cities and gather benefits in taxation and other utilities offering employment in return. The reduction in taxes would result in lower deductions in the revenues. The reduction would improve the profitability, though not necessarily the revenues.

Summarise and Compare the Evidence for the Development of Agriculture Essay Example for Free

Summarise and Compare the Evidence for the Development of Agriculture Essay The two continents provide a very different insight into the development of agriculture. America with its slow alterations, for example the gathering that continued and the consistency of crops remaining in their natural habitat until much later for example the May grass. South West Asia reveals a different approach where although still gradual development the use of tools and grinders support the discovery of cultivation and domestication leading this continent towards villages and eventually civilizations with trade and travel as its force for change as early humans emulated and adapted. The southwest begins its agricultural shift in a position of power in comparison to the Americas. Varying plants and animals that could eventually be domesticated. The south west was ideal for hunting and gathering producing much flora and fauna with the 250mmr of rainfall. Significant changes occurred around 1100-9600 BC with the Younger Dryas cooling the terrain. Dependency on hunting may have proven a hardship and cultivation being more labour intensive yet reliable as means of control appears to have defined beginning as the environment returned and stabilised . By 6000BC agriculture proved successful and became widespread. This marked the beginning of the Neolithic villages and the eventual culture shift to ceramics and religion. North America had a later progress, the beginnings of cultivation began in Mesoamerica and may have spread north by migrates who imprinted their knowledge. Larger amounts of maize were discovered in smaller apparently less developed sites in South west north America showing an already developed cultigens in foreign terrain. South west Asia also saw a large spread out from the ‘hilly flanks’ referenced by Flannery. North America had limited cultigens in comparison to south west Asia. The Americas having s examples such as quash, maize, beans sump weed , sunflowers and beans. Asia produced wheat, barley, rye and an assortment of wild animals residing on the hilly flanks that could be successfully domesticated such as sheep and goats. South west Asia’s key produce was the Rye revealed by studies into the Jordan valley and Syria during the intensified cultivating years of the Neolithic period around 8800 BC. Leading to a population growth which does not become obvious in north America as nomadic living continues and although cultigens were successfully developed a dependency on hunting and gathering was favoured. Squash was used as floats for fishing and so thinner membranes were preferred later their touch exterior was preferred when needed as bowls. An example of change by humans. Social exchange features in both areas although it appears that the feasting theory is better supported by southwest Asia as Americas show a reluctance to settle and created lineages. At Carlston Annis, South west north America a much later site entering the woodland period provided human faecal matter that proved a major dependency on wild foods especially from the woods. It would appear that after thousands of years of cultivation with travel and trade the hunter gatherers still relied on the foods. This reluctance does not appear in southwest Asia. The manipulation of crops and animals provide direct link to the first semi-sedentary farmers called the Natufians in the late Epipaleolithic 12,000-9600. Material remains and cultural traits are in key areas, subsequent layers of deposits reveal long and repeated occupation. Stone implements as morters for grinding . The Natufians had also left the shelter of the cave to build their own structures ( Dorothy Garrod 1898-1968). The late Paleoindians relied on rock shelters and created major earthworks as shown at Koster in Illinois and Eva in Tennessee. Eva showing links to the earlier Paleo-Indian with its recognisable toolkit found in the archaic site ( The human past 2005). In conclusion these very different crops led to a very different pace of change between the two continents. Asia’s steady but sure cultivation started a fast pace route to civilisation that of which the Americas did not. The Americas environment allowed for small agriculturists with irrigation sites such as at La capas dating 1250 BC. A slow development in contrast to Asia. However the burials at Eva do mirror the evidence found in burial sites such as Ohalo 11: where burials have grave goods and signal some status. Hinting that cognitive development may have evolved just as Asia’s had but the need for agriculture was less intense therefore a later necessity for the north Americans. Bibleography The Human Past Chapter 6 Trevor Watkins, Chapter 9 David L. Browman, Gayle J. Fritz, Patty jo Watson. David j Meltzer 2005 2009 Thames and Hudson Limited .http://www. archaeology. org/9707/newsbriefs/squash. html http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution#Agriculture_in_the_Americas Part 2 Do you think changing climate was the key force accounting for the development of agriculture? The two continents America and Asia have a stark difference in the development of agriculture. Evidence of semi-sedentary living can be traced in Southwest Asia 20,000 years at Ohallo II. A ‘boom’ effect fallows the Younger Dryas , this climatic alteration coincides with villages such as Akrotiri . Great expansion also occurs in Israel and Jordan. Neve David is one example that existed in the heart of the Epipaleolithic and so must have been able to sustain and domesticate during this climate. Sites also developed during the drier, cooler Younger Dryas such as the Natufians and Abu Hureyra. The early Helocene was a moist climate, so the recovery of forestry may have provided more room for expansion given the tight years previously. Theories such as Demographic explanations for the development of agriculture, the oasis theory and hilly flanks all can coincide with the climatic alterations and suggest reasons for the expansion and successful development of agriculture. The oasis theory can be supported by the die back of forestry during the Younger Dryas, it can also be supported by the rising of sea levels at the end of the last Global Maximum. Space may have forced humans, plants and animals in closer proximity and therefore utilized each others recourses. Plants also showed a willingness to adapt to human interaction such as Barley developing a tougher rachis and animals co-existing to live off waste for example. The Americas give a good example of co-existing with its reluctance to give up the hunter gatherer way of life completely. The woodland eras caves provide remains that show wild foods were widely depended on and storage was key, rather than constant agriculture. Tools were designed for nomadic lifeways although were capable of processing cultivated foods such as Maize and Gourd. Although the nomadic life style of the north Americans the delayed acceptance of agriculturist means suggest a degree of free movement therefore the oasis theory may not be relevant in the Americas as with southwest Asia. The demographic theory details a supply and demand scenario. Southwest Asia’s many aceramic Neolithic settlements can support this theory as they grew and often extinguished themselves for example Catalhoyuk. Slash and burn techniques cleared forests and settlements meant birth rates were higher. The Helocene climate may have assisted in the population increase providing a reliable source of nourishment. Stable temperatures meant that earlier developed techniques could be used in abundance in contrast to earlier erratic climates that did not allow certain plants to reach full potential Plants put more energy into seed growing that wood fibres they adapted to the climate and so humans can be seen to have adapted also to suit the plants suggesting the evolutionary theory that he switch to agriculture was a natural development. Population increase remained low in north America and so the climatic revival appears to have no effect as such. The Hilly Flanks theory suggests a nutritious beginning of which the climate was able to sustain the ideal potential domesticates. This theory limits the geographical opportunity of the development of agriculture therefore suggests that climate change may have not been a key point in the development of agriculture as it appears to have occurred alternatively in a key area instead. This is supported by the agricultural development in Mesoamerica and the spread to the North. Examples being Squash in North America already showing signs of domestication even though new to the area. The feasting theory can be linked to the expansion and demographic theory and serves as an explanation for larger settlements leaving many artefacts such as grave goods and evidence of trade and travel. Catalhoyuk abundance and appreciation of goods is not match in early North America although appreciation of shells and beads are apparent. Travel and trade may have been possible due to the Holocene stable climate that was not possible previously and therefore and good candidate for techniques being emulated and therefore spreading, the Natufians for example. In conclusion the climatic was a key force in the development of agriculture, however as part of other key developments. No one theory explains the diversity in agricultures beginnings or its geographical variety. Climate does play an important role in providing these developments but alternative key forces such as the region, terrain, flora and fauna appear to dictate the place, success and timing of such developments, not the climatic situation alone. Humans domestication of animals features mainly in Asia, North America reveals very little. This would suggest that region and continent had more to dictate in the development of agriculture providing a ‘recipe’ rather than one ingredient that spurred a global change

Censor Restrictions In Indian Cinema

Censor Restrictions In Indian Cinema The boundary within which artistic liberty swings has, historically, remained a debatable issue. Liberal democracies all over the world have recognised the need for reasonable restriction, though its boundaries are yet to be settled. In India cinema censorship appeared as an inevitable response to growing obscenity, restraint on the public morale being necessary for socio-cultural and political reasons. However, obscenity and lewdness having varying interpretations, censor decisions have remained a contentious issue. All efforts including judicial pronouncements, expert committee recommendations and periodic review of the censorship guidelines have fall short of settling the issue. The ongoing digital communication technology revolution has prompted a fresh debate on the relevance of cinema censorship in India. This paper attempts to review the legal and philosophical foundations of the concept to identify the reasonable limits of artistic expression in India, in the context of chang ing pubic moral and social patterns, and the ongoing digital communication technology revolutions. Introduction A gloss over the existing literature on cinema revels that censorship debate continues ever since cinemas emergence as a major mass entertainment industry, of course, the issue of contention keeps on changing. The battle over it is often fought as petty-bickering and yet at other times in terms of angry public furor at the overt or covert sexual obscenities. Though the polemics of Indian film censorship generally revolved round sleaze, sensuality, sexuality, nudity and permissiveness (Bhowmik, 2003:3148), excessive depiction of obscenity and lewdness is primarily seen as the reason for censorship becoming inevitable in India- restraint on the public moral being necessary for socio-cultural, political, national security reasons. But, obscenity being perceptual and having different nuances of meanings for different segments of age and populations, the CBFCs decisions were often questioned, making it a debatable issue. The era of censor restriction began in British India when the film Bhakta Vidura (1921) was banned because its protagonist bore a strong resemblance to Mahatma Gandhi. In 1978, the Central Board of Film Censor (renamed Central Board of Film Certification in 1982) referred to the political film KISSA KURSI KA(The Tale of a Chair), an innuendo about the politicians) to the Information Broadcasting Ministry for further clearance. This was eventually destroyed only to be remade and released latter. In 1981, the film MERI AWAZ SUNO (Please Listen to My Voice), about a policeman who infiltrates an underworld gang to discover its nexus with politicians, was first granted an A certificate, but subsequently suspended under the Cinematograph act, 1952 citing that the film depicted excessive violence. In 1994, the film BANDIT QUEEN, based on the life history of Phoolon Devi-a dalit woman turned bandit was recommended for 17 cuts by the Central Board of Film Certification(CBFC). The film was released with just one visual and one audio cut after court intervention. In the film KAMA SUTRA- A TALE of LOVE (1996), which sought to demonstrate the marriage of spirituality and sexuality through the story of a princess and her servant, was denied a certificate citing it pornographic; it was certified after two scenes of nudity were erased. The film FIRE (1998), which explicitly screened the relationship of two women, who found the poignant expression of their love in their lesbian relationship, was cleared for public exhibition by the Censor Board but, the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting referred it back to the Censor Board for review due to violent protest against the film in parts of India. In 2002,the CBFC demanded several deletions from the anti-war and anti-nuclear documentar y film Jung-aur-aman (War and Peace) as a pre-condition for granting certificate, only to be certified without any deletion after the Bombay High Court directed the CBFC to do so (TOI,2003:April 26). As the censors claimed, the film suggested a bias against the Muslims minority when aid was distributed after the Gujrat earth quake 2001. The list of such films touched by censorship issues in India gets longer even as the country emerges as the most prolific film producing country in the world (TOI,2002: July 28). At times the issue is excessive violence (Aakrosh, 2003), at others it is kissing on screen (Khwaish), even at others it is smoking on screen (God Mother, 1999, Pyar -To-Hona Hi Tha). The era of protest against restriction on cinema is as old as the restriction itself. But the restriction continues and is expected to continue, of course, efforts have been made to ease the tensions out. The recent ICT revolutions, especially the wider availability of digital duplicating technologies and the wider scope for their circulation through the networked technologies have raised afresh questions on the relevance of the censor mechanism in India. But, despite the growing justifications against its continuation, the justifications for censorship is found in the argument that Indian society constitutes of people with a divergent social outlook and the response to cinema censorship must be defined by the divergent socio- political and cultural parameters of the country (Dayal, 1987). But, every new case of censorship dispute renews demands for abolition of the Censor Board and the practice of film censorship in India. The Indian Supreme Court and High Courts have adjudicated on the matter, expert committees have recommended solutions, the government has issued revised guidelines from time to time, but still the issue remains unsettled. Even public opinion on the issue is intricate and dichotomous. Despite the county having well formulated obscenity laws for over a century, the question still remains: is censorship necessary? This paper attempts to explore the philosophical foundations of the right to artistic expression and its reasonable limits with special reference to film censorship in India in the context of the ongoing digital communication technology revolution, emerging patterns of Indian society and the changing profile of Indian audiences. The specific objectives of the study are: To examine the legal and philosophical foundations of media freedom, to identify its limits and explore the grounds for censor restriction. To explore the impacts of films and the scope for their positive use for social transformation and development. To make an assessment of the role and functioning of the Censor Board with regard to public perception and expectation in the context of the emerging digital communication technology environment; and To analyze public perception to find out the potential to make the Indian cinema censorship practices more effective and acceptable. Background of the Study Historically, censorship as a term in English goes back to the office of the censor established in ancient Rome. The censor was one of two magistrates of early Rome who acted as the census authority, and inspectors of moral who regulated the morals of the citizens, (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2012). Merriam-Websters Collegiate Dictionary defines Censor, to be a person who is authorized to read publications or correspondence or to watch theatrical performances and suppress in whole or in part anything considered obscene or politically unacceptable. As a practice, censorship is the control of what people may say or hear, write or read, or see or do, and suppression of material considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or inconvenient to the government or the citizen groups. The materials which are included within the scope of censorship commonly includes nudity, sexual activity, language, presentation of criminal acts, violence messages considered to be immoral in the context of a society. Traditionally censorship was associated with ideas about state oppression, intolerant governments or other powerful institutions controlling the minds of powerless citizens and societys dominated classes (Biltereyst, 2010). It was related to brutal strategies to limit freedom of speech, or to undermine artistic expression. It was even seen as part of a carefully orchestrated strategy of controlling or even silencing public debate in society. With the universal recognition of human rights and the right to communicate as a vital component, the exercise of film censorship in modern times is seen as violating the sanctity of the constitutionally granted freedom of speech and expression in liberal democracies (Kazmi,2001), and is mostly regarded as a relic of an unenlightened and much more oppressive age and hardly finds any favour among elite sections of a society. Daniel Biltereyst of the Centre for Cinema and Media Studies claim that censorship is more complex and constitutes more than simply banning, cutting and imposing restrictions from above by state institutions. This revelation is based on a broader definition of censorship and new theoretical underpinnings of the concept. New approaches argue that the state does not wield absolute power, and also that censorship institutions are not disconnected from society but are run by flesh-and-blood people with their own sensitivities, norms and values. This includes the existence of negotiations between the censors, the industry and film makers (Biltereyst, 2008). This new approach to censorship shifted the focus from the old institutionalized, interventionist censorship to a more culturalist notion of film censorship (Biltereyst, 2010). From this perspective, censorship was gradually accepted as a keen and sharp indicator of what a particular hegemonic group in society can tolerate at a particular moment. The wider social and cultural ideologies determining hegemonic groups activities present the framework for negotiation between industry, filmmakers, censors and their respective discourses, to achieve some form of consensus on the acceptability of certain images, scenes or films. This negotiation process makes it rather unlikely that film classification boards would take decisions going completely against societal sensitivities. The censor negotiations combine historical, sociological, aesthetic, and philosophical parameters and vacillate between the two extremes of the liberty of artistic expression and the moral responsibilities of audiovi sual representations. Reflecting the views of a section of the film industry Bhowmik claims that trends on censorship practice violates the sanctity of the constitutionally granted freedom of speech and expression Disagreeing with the popular notion of censorship as moral restraint, he argues that its true import lies in the propagation of political agendas, there being intricate interplay of policies of governance and strictures of censorship. It is claimed that bureaucratic manipulation, judicial laxity, vested interest and political or public pressure keep the institution of film censorship going in India (Bhowmik (2003:3149). Cinema can play a positive role in society in terms of providing entertainment, enhancing information and knowledge, sensitizing people about urgent issues of society, in creating sociability and offering catharsis (Bhakhry, 1995:71). Similarly, cinema can also play an equally negative role in teaching wrong values, generating social and sexual violence and crime, providing escape from reality into a dream world instead of facing up to the problems of life, encouraging adoption of destructive role models and in encouraging cynicism about social institutions (Bhakhry, 1995:71. It is these impacts of cinema on society which makes censorship an important issue and justifies the efforts put into this study. Genesis of Censor Restriction in Indian Cinema The institution of censorship in Indian cinema took roots soon after the birth of the indigenous film industry. The Indian Cinematograph Act of 1918 was enacted by the British government in India with the avowed aim of safety of the audiences, and the prevention of degrading of moral performances, though the real intentions, as was often alleged, were to pre-empt political issues perceived as threats to the British Raj in India (Bhowmik, 2003:3149).Regional Censor Boards were constituted at Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Rangoon, and Lahore in 1920, to put a check, as was claimed, on sensitive issues, objectionable subjects, and forbidden scenes in foreign films. The first instances of censorship took place soon after the setting up of these regional censor boards when the 1921 film Bhakta Vidura was banned alleging that its protagonist bore a strong resemblance to Mahatma Gandhi. Following Indian independence, the Indian Cinematograph Act of 1918 was carried forward by the Indian leadership essentially as an attempt to cleanse or control the harmful western influence through the medium of film entertainment. The Indian leadership publicly stated that the sanctity of the well received principles of morality and behaviour would be invoked in matters relating to exhibition of films in the country(Bhowmik,2003: July 26). They emphasized the need for improvement in the moral and ethical standards in films. In 1951, all regional censor boards were brought under the unified command of a Central Board of Film Censors. The Indian Cinematograph Act 1918 was replaced by the Indian Cinematograph Act 1952, which was amended in 1982 and new censorship guidelines were issued in 1983. The law provides for appointment of a Central Board of Film Certification to certify films for public exhibition in India which functions with headquarters at Mumbai assisted by nine regional offices at Bangalore, Mumbai, Kolkata, Hyderabad, Chennai, Thiruvananthpuram, New Delhi, Cuttack and Guwahati. The law and the guidelines provide for appointment of the Board, their functioning and the issues to be considered while certifying a cinema for public exhibition in India. A Film certification Appellate Tribunal was established in 1984 at Delhi to hear appeals against the decisions of the CBFC. In the years that followed Indian independence, film censorship continues to vacillate between the two extremes of the growing right to freedom of expression view and public decency defined by group perceptions and interests. The then minister of information and broadcasting R.R. Diwakar characterized the newly framed CBFC as a dignified effort to model an effective medium of healthy entertainment, national culture, and mass education (Hunnings, 1967:228). The main objectives of film censorship, as per the certification guidelines, have been to ensure that The medium of film remains responsible and responsive to the values and standards of society; Artistic expression and creative freedom are not unduly curbed; and Censorship is responsive to social changes. As provided in the Indian Cinematograph Act 1952 including its subsequent amendments , films are certified relying on the judgment of examining and revising committees and are issued any of the following four types of certificates -U, UL. A, and S, as has been provided under the Indian Cinemagraph Act.1952. U (unrestricted exhibition) certificate is issued to a cinema which, in the opinion of the CBFC, is suitable for unrestricted public exhibition. UA (unrestricted public exhibition subject to parental guidance for children below the age of 12) certification is issued to a film in respect of which the board is of the opinion that it is necessary to caution that the question as to whether any child below the age of 12 may be allowed to see such film should be considered by the parents or guardians of such child. A (public exhibition restricted to adults only) certificate is issued to a cinema if in the opinion of the board its public exhibition is to be restricted to adults only. S'(public exhibition restricted to specialized audiences) certification of a cinema means the cinema is suitable for public exhibition restricted to members of a profession, for example Doctors. The CBFC is assisted in examination of films by members of Advisory Panels and Examining Committees, and issues certificates as suggested. The board examines films for certification in accordance with provisions contained in the Cinematograph Act, 1952, the Cinematography (Certification) Rules, 1983 and the guidelines issued in this regard by the government of India from time to time. While considering a cinema for certification as mentioned above, the CBFC may direct to delete or amend material that might be considered to be offensive by its audiences or may even refuse to allow a film to be screened commercially. The Film Certification Appellate Tribunal (FCAT) hears appeals against the decisions of the Censor Board in respect of certification of a film. The decisions of the tribunal are binding on the board and it disposes the matter in conformity with the order of the tribunal. Under the provisions of the Cinematograph Act, 1952 the Central Government is also empowered to send back a film for review by the Censor Board or to cancel or modify a certificate issued to a film under certain circumstances. Petitions can be filed in High Courts seeking a ban on screening of a film. IV. Artistic Freedom and its Limits Article 19(1) (a) of the Indian Constitution Guarantees to every citizen of India the right to freedom of speech and expression; also assures the freedom of media, though it is not separately stated there, unlike some other constitutions like that of the USA. The freedom of media is part of a larger right of freedom of speech and expression guaranteed to every citizen. The right to freedom of speech and expression includes within it, the right to collect and receive information from anywhere and through any legitimate means, the right to disseminate information and express opinion (Sawant, 1997). The freedom granted under 19(1) (a) is not absolute, and is subject to restrictions recognized by all liberal democracies as well as by international declarations and covenants. These restrictions are contained in Article 19(2) of the Indian Constitution, which states that freedom of speech and expression guaranteed by article 19(1)(a) shall not affect the operation of any existing law, or prevent the state from making any law, which imposes reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the freedom in the interests of sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the state, friendly relations with foreign states, public order, decency or morality, or in relation to contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an offence. The restrictions have, of course to be reasonable meaning there by that; they must have a direct nexus with the ground on which they are imposed (Sawant, 1997). They should also not be in excess of the purpose sought to be achieved or supplant the freedom itself . Again, the media, when run as a business, is also subject to the restrictions, which may be imposed by the state on any business, under Article 19(6) of the constitution. The principles of the censorship set out in section 5-B of the Cinematograph (Amendment) Act, 1959 states: A film shall not be certified for public exhibition if, in the opinion of the authority competent to grant the certificate the film or any part of it against the interests of security of the state, public order, decency or morality, or involves defamation or contempt of court, or is likely to incite the commission of an offence. This sub section is in agreement with article 19(2) of the constitution. Sub-section (2) of section 5-B states, Subject to the conditions contained in sub-section -1, the central government may issue such directions as it may think fit, setting out the principles which shall guide the authority competent to grant certificate under this act in sanctioning films for public exhibition. In a celebrated Supreme Court judgment in 1970, in the case brought before it by K.A. Abbas, regarding his film A Tale of Four Cities declared that, censorship falls under constitutional guarantee of freedom of speech and expression and that while pre censorship of films does not contravene those guarantees per se, is still a justifiable issue and cannot be decided by a government official (Dayal, 1987). The Supreme Court has indicated that , Censorship in India (and pre-censorship is not different in quality) has full justification in the field of exhibition of cinema films and the censorship imposed on the making and exhibition of films is in the interest of the society. If the regulations venture into something, which goes beyond the legitimate opening to restrictions, they can be questioned on the ground that a legitimate power is being abused. We hold, therefore, that censorship of films, including prior restraint, is justified under our constitution (Vasudev, 1978). The enquiry committee on film censorship in 1968, known as the Khosla Committee, in its report submitted in 1969, said, in the case of films Censorship can be deemed to be reasonable restrictions on the right of freedom of expression. Provided that the nature and extent of this control or restriction is related to the maters mentioned in Article 19(2) of the Indian constitution. Censorship must be authorized by law, and must be confined within the limits permitted by law and the provisions of the constitution. To extend the scope of censorship to considerations of public taste and ban a mater which does not fall within the limits of the reasonable restrictions clause would not be legal(Vasudev,1979). As such, the legal boundaries of Artistic freedom and its limits are well settled. But, the issue beyond the legal framework, which comes into the fore in any discussion of the moral basis of cinema censorship, is its social impact. Social Impacts of Films Any discussion on films and society confronts a vital question dose cinemas have any impact on the society. There are two schools of thought on this issue among film makers. One line of thinking believe that films can never affect or reform the social body or the events taking place within it, but the other believes that the medium does have a direct or indirect impact on social streams, even though it may not be immediately perceptible. The former cites the example that just after a couple of excellent anti-war films were exhibited, the second world war engulfed humanity hence cinema cannot and should not offer any solutions for social problems raised by its writer and directors, by its content and style. The mere exposition of the problem is enough and there ends cinemas artistic obligation as well as compulsion. The later, however, stretches cinemas role further to promote a thought process and line of action where by the viewers are provoked into trying a change for the better. F ilms, which talked directly and movingly about the wrongs of society, go on to influence it and shape it along better lines. The most important contribution of cinema to society is that by sheer usage it has grown to be a standard reference for most kinds of questions and situations, where elementary knowledge and practice are needed (Rangoonwalla, 1995:7). The mass mind picks up such points largely and stores them in some mental corner, to be reactivated while seeking or giving answers and guidance. Some of the life patterns and conclusions propagated by them could be having social repercussions below the outer of everyday life. Violence, crime and sex are made to look easy and frivolous, without much of retribution to follow. The magic of cinema is virtually unfathomable. The very mention of cinema conjures up a rainbow of captivating images. A vital aspect of Indian cinema is its unifying character. The Indian films have been subtly albeit consistently promoting the ideas of national integration and communal harmony. A part of the socio-economic cultural transformation can be attributed to the cinema as films usually generate social mobility, fluidity and an overall sense of oneness among people of different backgrounds (Rangoonwalla, 1995:7).The society is ripe with cases of crimes and criminals being emulated from the screen and so also the attitude to suicide as a way of dejection, mostly in love. Fashion including smoking and drinking, in many cases, are inspired from cinema characters. The vast fan followings of stars like Rajesh Khanna, Amitabh Bachhan, Mithun Chatkrabothy are eloquent testimony to the social impacts of films. A study by Dr. Sativa Bhakry shows that Cinema can play both positive as well as negative roles in society. It can have positive impacts in terms of providing entertainment, enhancing information and knowledge, sensitizing people about urgent issues of society, in creating sociability and offering catharsis. It offers release from tensions of daily life. Cinema can also play an equally negative role in teaching wrong values, generating social and sexual violence and crime, providing escape from reality into a dream world of fantasy instead of facing up to the problems of life, encouraging adoption of destructive role models and in encouraging cynicism about social institutions (Bhakhry, 1995:71-76). VI. Philosophical Foundations of Cinema Censorship Platos polemics of art and artists urged strict censorship of the arts because of their influence on moulding peoples characters (Rufus, 2010). Using his theory of forms, Plato claimed that artists and poets couldnt usually explain their works; as they are seized by irrational inspiration, a sort of divine madness (Bruce, 1998). Much of his writings reflect the belief that the vital opinions of the community could be shaped by law and that men could be penalized for saying things that offended public sensibilities, undermined common morality, or subverted the institutions of the community (Jowett, 2010). Acclaimed film critic and a spiritual champion of the right to freedom of expression, Noel Burch (1973) approved the censorship mechanism when he claimed I doubt if anybody will advocate freedom from interference of the state machinery to be extended to the commercial exploitation of a powerful medium of expression and entertainment like cinema. One can imagine the results if an unbridled commercial cinema is allowed to cater to the lowest common denominator of popular taste, especially in a country which after two centuries of political domination , is still suffering from confusion and debasement of cultural values. Freedom of expression cannot, and should not be interpreted as a license for the cinemagnates to make money by pandering to and thereby propagating, shoddy and vulgar taste. While emphasizing the role of cinema as a vehicle of modernism, Indias first Prime Minister Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru has also advocated some amount of social control to ward off its bad effects (Vasudev, 1978:107). Nehrus response to a public petition urging him to curb the evil influences of films not only brought the citizenry within the domain of film censorship but also legitimised their exercise of power. Tanuja Chandra claims that the artists have every right to give expression to the work of art and viewers have an equal right to reject it, if they do not like it either in part or whole. Therefore, cinema like other potent media, such as press, drama and fiction should be left under the common law. The entertainment part of cinema, she argues is of much important than the emotional part. But, it seems, the Indian society has still miles to go before accepting this argument. Veteran actor turned Member of Parliament Satrughna Sinha claims that in a country like India films reach the widest possible and most diversified audience. As a medium of mass communication it can exercise the most tremendous and potent influence on the public. The rampant use of blatant sex and gruesome violence (as commodities for sale by the producers) can terribly shake a nation; the ruinous elements can easily shatter the society before the common law can give protection. As such censorship cannot be unreas onable, if it is within limits (TOI, 2006). Sinha disagrees with Tanuja Chandras suggestion that it should be left to the public to decide what to see and what not and says it cannot be left entirely to the public, this way even blue films could be fair game.(Thapar, 1998). Even he rejects former Censor Board chief Vijay Anands suggestion to replace the system of cuts with ratings and claims that replacing the present system of cuts with ratings will reduce our Technicolor cinema into blue films (Sengupta, 2002). John Dayal Claims that more and more people, especially the younger, look forward to watch the blatant display of sex and violence on the screen. If this virus is allowed to the artery of our national blood, the society will be infested with unruly elements with hardly any care for our social values and traditional tenets, which will eventually lead to chaos and anarchy in the society. Curbs are, therefore, necessary to protect the moral health of the nation and to ensure that cinema does not hurt the sensibilities or interests of the extraordinarily heterogeneous people that constitute the Indian nation (Dayal, 1987:61). Acclaimed film critic Nikhat Kazmi finds no harm in showing a couple kissing as a mark of love and affection, because rapes and murders are not caused only because of films; rather they are the prime instincts of belligerence and sex that are inherent in every human being. She claims that censorship is irrelevant in the present age when cyber space offers its unlimited frontiers at the click of a mouse (Kazmi, 2002). When satellite television brings it all unhindered into the bedroom itself, censorship has virtually nothing to do with the Indian Cinema. Responding to the demands of the digital era, many nations have, in fact, repealed their obscenity laws and have dropped legal barriers against pornography for adults. Supporting these arguments, Tanuja Chandra, an acclaimed film producer in India, terms the Indian censorship guidelines totally redundant. She says the censor rule book, a relic of British colonialism, is completely outdated, it sticks out like a priest who tries to cur b freedom of expression with a ruler in his hands(Kazmi,2002). Citing the censor board decisions as irrational and inconsistent, some film makers claim that at times the censors object to sex, at times to violence and at times even to something as ridiculous as a woman smoking a cigarette (Jha, 1999). Hinting at the vulnerability of the censors, veteran film actor, producer and director Dev Anand says that the Censor Boards limited authority and accountability to the central government, in fact, leads to its play-safe attitude. He opined that the censor board is a puppet in the hands of the central governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ guidelines seems to change every time a government changes (Jha, 1999). Opposing censorship in any form, he argue that every clipping in a film is condemnable and only rating is permissible as in the Hollywood film industry. These conflicting arguments and the apparent vertical split in the film industry shows our state of confusion and failure in taking a categorical position on the issue. Perhaps, the country has not yet reached a stage where censorship in cinema is to be scrapped altogether. The safest choice, therefore, is to take appropriate steps to make our censor mechanism more effective rather than attempting to abolish it. VII. Research Design and Methods Analysing a complex issue like film censorship demands a multidisciplinary approach. Constitutional and legal provisions, judgements of Supreme Court and High Courts, observations of various committees and commissions on limits of the rights

Family Law Problem Question

Family Law Problem Question In order to answer this question one must assess and consider the law relating to family matters and the access to justice for a foreign national. This will require an in-depth analysis of the rules relating to the family unit. According to the scenario, Jane is concerned about the threat of violence from her husband, Tarzan, to her and her two children. Further she wishes to obtain maintenance for herself and her children, and she also requires advise over the grounds that she could petition for a divorce. In terms of the first requirement that Jane will need advice over is her concern over the threat of violence to herself and her children. According to part IV of the Family Law Act of 1996, certain measures have know been enacted to safeguard the victims of domestic violence. The first element under the statutory framework that requires consideration is the rights to the house that may exist[1]. It is assumed by the wording of the scenario that Jane and her husband have bought their property. Therefore, Jane has a legally enforceable right to remain in the matrimonial home in preference to her husband, Tarzan. The next issue that requires consideration is the application for a non-molestation order. This is where an order is granted that restrains an individual from applying force to another. If Jane can advance evidence that she is in fear of being attacked or she has been attacked in the past then she can apply for an order to restrain Tarzan for hitting or placing in her fear any further. If Tarzan breaches this order then he is guilty of contempt and also of the criminal offence of assault. The next issue that Jane requires advise over is the maintenance that she maybe entitled to. This requires two considerations, firstly the maintenance for herself and secondly maintenance for the children. Accordingly a spouse has both a legal and moral duty to provide for the other spouse. This is evidenced by two pieces of legislation. According to the Domestic Proceedings and Magistrates Courts Act of 1978, a financial order can be made if against Tarzan if Jane can establish one of the grounds identified by section 1. These grounds consist of one of the parties to the marriage failing to provide reasonable maintenance for the applicant; failure to provide reasonable maintenance for any child; or the respondent has acted in such a way that the applicant can no longer live with the respondent. It is clear from the scenario that all of these grounds be evidenced created. Further, the orders that maybe granted are periodical payments[2] or a lump sum payment[3]. Alternative, Jane may apply under section 27 of the Matrimonial Causes Act of 1973. This provides that either party to the marriage can apply for maintenance if the respondent has failed to provide reasonable maintenance for the applicant. It is arguable from the wording of the scenario that Jane will be able to apply for either of these orders. In terms of maintenance for the two children, Jane will have to rely upon the legislation that is created for child support. According to Schedule 1 of the Child Support Act of 1991, the calculations for maintenance payments are based purely upon the non-resident parent’s weekly income. The basic rule that the Act specifies is 15% of the non-resident parent’s income. This is where only one qualifying child is in existence. However, the scenario provides that Jane and Tarzan have two children. Thus, Tarzan will be liable for 20% under this Act. However, if the basic rate is not applicable for Tarzan, then he would come under the reduced rate. This i s only applicable if Tarzan is on a low earning. According to Schedule 1, the reduced rate is applicable if the non-resident parent’s income is less than  £200 per week but more than  £100 per week. Further, if Tarzan’s income is lower than this then the flat rate may apply. Again according to Schedule 1, a flat rate is  £5 if the net weekly income is  £100 or less, or the non-resident parent receives a prescribed benefit[4], or the partner of the non-resident parent receives any prescribed benefit[5]. If Tarzan’s income is less than the flat rate then the nil rate applies. According to Schedule 1, the nil rate applies where the non-resident parent earns less than  £5 per week, or is a student, a child[6], or a prisoner. It is clear arguably that this latter rate will not apply in this case. Thus, Tarzan will be liable to pay 20% of his weekly earners. The next area that requires consideration is the nature of divorce. According to section 1(1) of the Matrimonial Causes Act of 1973, the solitary ground for petitioning for a divorce is the irretrievable breakdown of the marriage. This can then be evidenced by one of the five facts located under section 1(2). According to section 1(2) (b), the petitioner can apply for a divorce on the grounds that ‘the respondent has behaved in such a way that the petitioner cannot be expected to live with the respondent’. It is clear that the threat of violence from Tarzan would amount to unreasonable behaviour that Jane cannot be expected to live with[7]. Thus a decree nisi would be available in this case. The next area of consideration that requires consideration is whether Jane will encounter any bars to in her pursuit of access to justice. According to the scenario, Jane and her husband, Tarzan, married in Uganda and subsequently moved over to England. Since they arrived in the country, Tarzan’s attitude has altered radically towards Jane. It is clear that the couple married in Uganda and are therefore bound by the matrimonial circumstances of the law in that country. However, the terms of the divorce will be governed by English law as the couple are now domiciled in this country. The likely barrier that could exist is over Jane’s availability of legal aid. As she is domiciled in this country then she comes under this countries jurisdiction. The ethos behind the Access to Justice Act of 1999 provides that anyone who is domiciled in this country is entitled to legal assistance if they fill the criteria. The final consideration is that of how ones ability to access justice could be improved. Accordingly, the access to justice could be improved by the availability of funding and the length of time that it takes to process the forms that grant funding. This could be achieved by releasing funding from central Government and could be accessed by the simplification of the legal aid forms. In conclusion, Jane can apply under the Family Law Act to have staying rights to the matrimonial home and for a non-molestation order preventing Tarzan from hitting her. In terms of financial contributions, Jane can apply under the Domestic Proceedings and Magistrates Courts Act of 1978 or section 27 of the Matrimonial Causes Act of 1973. Equally, she can apply to the Child Support Agency for maintenance for the two children. In terms of the divorce, Jane can apply on the grounds that the marriage has irretrievable breakdown due to Tarzan’s unreasonable behaviour. Bibliography Family Law, 1st Edition, by Frances Burton, published by Cavendish Publishing Limited in 2003. Principles of Family Law, 17th Edition, by Stephen M. Cretney, Judith M. Masson, and Rebecca Bailey-Harris, published by Sweet Maxwell in 2003. Footnotes [1] Under section 30 of the Family Law Act of 1996, a non-owning spouse has the right to occupy the matrimonial home. [2] Under section 2(1) (a) and Khan v Khan [1980] 1 WLR 355. [3] Under section 2(1) (b). However this can not be for more than  £1000. [4] This includes incapacity benefit, a pension, or an allowance. [5] This includes income support or Jobseekers allowance which is income based. [6] As defined by section 55(1) of the Child Support Act of 1991. [7] Ash v Ash [1972] 1 All ER 582.

Grandparents House: A Home Away From Home Essay -- Descriptive Writin

Grandparents' House: A Home Away From Home As I approach the turn to my Grandparent's house, my stomach turns in anticipation of the sweet sugar cookie smell that awaits. I turn up the long narrow gravel road and park my car in front of their house. I step outside and a chilly little breeze bites at my cheeks. I take a deep breath and the sweet smell of burning cedar enters my nose. I look up to the chimney and see the gray puffs of smoke scatter as it hits the still winter air. I shut the car door and follow the sidewalk to the back door. I open the door and a child-like smile immediately spreads across my face. Before I can even get my shoes off, my grandma greets me with her usual warm hello. I smile back at her and ask what she's been up to. But I don't even need to ask, I can already smell the fresh bread thats been baking in the oven. I get up to go to the kitchen, and her pug, Mack, jumps up and tries to lick my hand. My grandma follows me into the kitchen to make some hot tea. I sit on the counter as my grandma makes the tea. Some of my best Christmas memories are of making cookies with my grandma in that very kitchen. We get our tea and go back to the dining room. I sit at the table and listen to my grandmas day. She tells me that her and grandpa finally got the Christmas tree up, and all of the decorations put on it, and that after lunch, grandpa is going outside to hang up all of the icicle lights. I set my tea down and go into the living room to check out the tree. She turns on the lights, and the tree lights up like the one in the Rockefeller Center. I take a closer look and am still able to pick out some ornaments I gave her when I was a little girl. My grandma co... ...ed right on over and latched onto the fence, only this time, it was operating in full force. Try as I might, I just couldn't let go. Finally, I was able to pull back my crispy black palm. Although my cousin never believed this ever happened, he figured if it did, if was pretty good payback for taking him to play with the horses. We go back inside and grandma already has some hot tea waiting for us. We sit in the living room and catch the end of the Bronco game. After its over, I figure I better head home. I stare at the Christmas tree as I walk back through the living room. Its just the beginning of December, and already I cant wait for Christmas to get here. I hug my grandparents and head out the door. As I slowly drive away, I continue to look at their house in my rearview mirror. I cant wait to come back tomorrow, to my home away from home.

Mein Kampf And The Formation Of Hitlers Ideas Essay -- Adolf Hitler Hi

Mein Kampf And The Formation Of Hitlers Ideas The dominant political figure of German history in the twentieth century, Adolf Hitler, was born in a lower middle class family in the provincial Austrian town of Braunau am Inn on 20 April 1889. In 1907 Hitler applied to enter the Vienna Academy of Art but his application was rejected. After the death of his mother Klara, Hitler decided to move to Vienna. He drifted from job to job, often selling sketches or painting scenes of Old Vienna and it was a period that he himself later called the most miserable period of his life. Many of Hitler’s views of the world were shaped by his experiences on the streets of Vienna and it is probable that his violent anti-Semitism dates from this time. In 1924 Hitler was sentenced to five years in prison for his part in the Munich Putsch. During this time in prison Hitler began work on his book entitled Mein Kamph (My Struggle). The book outlines some of Hitler’s political ideas and his views on race and Germany’s future role in world affairs. Hitler had a racist view of world history and the dominant theme running through Mein Kamph was his concept of race. In Hitler’s view, civilization and nations decline when the fail to maintain the purity of the race. â€Å"Mixing blood and lowering of racial quality† according to Hitler is the â€Å"sole cause for the decline of all culture, for humans do not perish from lost wars but from the loss of that power of resistance that is characteristic only of pure blood†*. The fundamental duty of the government in Hitler’s mind was to preserve the racial purity of state for only this way can the superior race maintains it dominance over inferior races. To Hitler, the Aryan (an earlier Indo-European race from which the Germans were descended) was the master race and the other races were inferior. To Hitler the Jew represented the absolute contrast to the Aryan. The Aryans were the creators of culture and civilization, where else the Jew was the destroyer for they had no nation or culture of their own. They were â€Å"a parasite in the body of other nations†* contaminating the purity of the blood, exploiting and corrupting the nation. Hitler saw a Jewish world conspiracy and held absolute conviction that the Jews were responsible for all the evils that had befallen Germany – defeat of in war, revolution, economic collapse and Marxism. But abo... ...ak, that superior races prevail over inferior races. This concept with its theme of struggle and survival of the fittest appealed to Hitler. â€Å"Struggle† wrote Hitler â€Å"is the father of all things†¦He who wants to live must fight and who does not want to fight in this world where external struggle is the law of life has no right to exist†*. In Mein Kamph Hitler offered some insight into his thinking on exercise of power and in particular the important role of propaganda, his contempt of parliamentary democracy and the Weimar Republic. Hitler also wrote of the need for a national revival and the quest for living space. Hitler linked his hatred of communism with his hatred of Jews. In Hitler’s mind Russia was the centre of a Jewish conspiracy, a concept reinforced in Hitler’s thinking by the fact that many of the leaders of the Bolshevik Revolution were Jewish. Mein Kamph is an important book because it reveals a great deal about Hitler’s mind, outlook and the ideas that became the basis of National Socialism. What he wrote as his philosophy in 1924 he began to implement as policy when he became supreme ruler of Germany after 1934. * Quoted from Mein Kamph, Adolf Hitler, 1924

Israel-Palestine: Two-State vs One-State Solution

What Does The Future Hold for Israel-Palestine? The Israeli-Palestinian conflict has proven to be one of the most complex and â€Å"intractable† conflicts of modern history – or as some may even add – of all time. And after many decades of failed attempts at peacemaking in this region, there still seems to be no conceivable end to the conflict.During those same decades, most of the parties involved as well as the international community have embraced the idea of a two-state solution, but the question we pose today asks whether this solution is still a viable option considering the present context, and if not, is it finally time to consider a one-state solution?This essay will argue that although a two-state solution remains the more desirable and popular option, keeping in-line with both nations’ desire for freedom, civic rights, dignity, statehood and nationhood, it may no longer be a possibility in the near future and as time passes. A one-state solution also has its faults however, as it simply fails to address the issue of inevitable future conflicts and retaliation, which would stem from the most problematic symptom of a bi-national state: the reduction of Palestinian-Israelis to second-class citizens within their own country.Finally, the essay will attempt to show that regardless of what the more desirable and feasible option may be, the context today points to a de facto one-state reality, which some argue would ultimately need to be embraced as the only option. There is no solution but the two-state solution? Is a one-state solution feasible today? If it is, how optimal of a solution is it for both populations and state-entities?The answer seems to be negative mainly due to the fact that the Jewish-Israeli populace desires to remain a majority within their own state and similarly because the Jewish-Israeli state depends on a Jewish majority in order to vote-in and implement laws and policies, which are aimed to provide a safe home for the Jewish and not the Arab population as per the Balfour Declaration (1). Uniting all territories under one-same state would shift demographics in such a manner that Jewish-Israelis would become the minority within their own state, and thus they would put in jeopardy the Jewish component of what s now a democratic Jewish state. A one-state solution seems to be a utopian idea when we consider the immense sense of pride and victory the Palestinian and Israeli peoples attach to the concept of having and ruling over their own independent and sovereign state. History has shown time and again that no two entities have ever peacefully agreed and successfully managed to create a multinational state within one-same country, but rather they have favoured separate national states, or a two-state solution.Also, from a psychoanalytical and social approach, it appears almost completely improbable that two peoples, cultures and religions that have participated in such a long-standing in tractable conflict would concede to the creation of only one state, since their motivational and cognitive biases as a result of distinct psychological processes would â€Å"render then unable to recognize as advantageous settlement terms† proposed by the other side (2).This would fully undermine the Palestinians’ fight for liberation and sovereignty and the Israelis’ struggle for existence and independence. Moreover, under one state, the Palestinians would perhaps suffer a reality of segregation and would shift their fight towards one for achieving their civil rights. This could potentially be achieved as it was done in South-Africa. However, it would ultimately lead towards a Jewish minority within the state and that would directly threaten the existence of a Jewish state.One could argue that Israelis would never agree to dismantle the Jewish state by contributing to the formation of an Arab majority within their own territory. Also, the realities in South-Afr ica were quite different from those in Israel-Palestine today. In fact, the struggle was of another nature: the black-Africans and white-Africans both fought for a one-state solution and the domination of that state, whereas the Palestinians and Israelis fight for the creation of their own independent states, therefore a one-state option is neither desired by the Israelis nor the Palestinians (3) (4).Furthermore, the involvement and conflict-resolution approaches of the international community during the South-African ordeal differed greatly from those of today, since Israel has a more complex relationship with the United-States than South-Africa ever did and an international boycott of Israel would ultimately fail as it would be interpreted as a repetition of the Holocaust, which began with the simple slogan â€Å"Don’t buy from the Jews† and which no one in their right mind desires today! 5) So, is a two-state solution a more viable option? One might think that a two -state option is a very remote possibility seeing the constant hostility from the Palestinian side, the crisis and disconnect between Hamas and the official Palestinian Authority, the fragmentation of the West Bank territory into districts due to growing Israeli settlements, and an almost inexistent peace process between the two nations in light of a unilateral Israeli approach to conflict resolution.However, it is also vital to underline that the lack of evidence of a one-state option being the optimal solution to the problem makes the route towards a two-state solution more compelling in comparison. In fact, by opting for a one-state solution and denying the Palestinian people their own independent state where they can freely live with dignity and enjoy full civic rights, Israel and the international community risk causing additional chaos, retaliation and a continuation of the already intractable war between these two nations.On the other hand, the reality we have today points de facto to the existence of a bi-national state, mainly as a result of Israel’s expansionist policies. In fact, living on what was d’antan Philistine are almost eleven million people, almost equally divided, half of whom – the Palestinians – are growing faster in number and will most inevitably become the majority (6). Historic precedents have shown through failed peacemaking processes that this land cannot be successfully partitioned by agreement.This means that the only way to achieve a two-state solution is by military force, which many would agree is not desirable, since it may generate the worst war to date. The greatest fear emanating from the adoption of a one-state solution, and which prompts many to favour the infamous two-state solution, is the creation of an apartheid state and second-class citizens as was the case in South-Africa. However, many fail to remember that only upon agreement to create a democratic bi-national state did South-Africa d issolve its apartheid component (7). This is not to say that an equitably shared i-national state would automatically be created when and if a one-state solution is put into place, but rather that a peaceful coexistence within a bi-national state is a possibility. In fact, one could defend that any attempt to separate the two entities would be impossible, since any territorial split would create displaced Palestinian and Israeli persons and refugees within both states. A two-state solution almost guarantees that having Palestinians and Israelis live under Israeli and Palestinian sovereignly respectively will additionally fuel discontent, retaliation and violent struggle.This would undermine any past attempt to reconcile the two parties and achieve peace, and would render any past accords and treaties useless. Furthermore, ruling two separate geographical entities – Gaza and the West Bank – under the same independent Palestinian state is an impractical and inefficient w ay of organizing institutions and governmental administrations, as it would complicate decision-making and even practical implementation of policies pertaining to resources, energy, security and social issues.For example, how could a Palestinian state survive without access to resources such as water and electricity, when Israel has almost completely taken control of water access in the West Bank and is the greatest supplier of electricity to the Palestinian territories? Also, how will these two geographically separate, yet politically united entities communicate, ensure safety for their citizens travelling through Israel in-between Gaza and the West Bank, organize transport and delivery of goods, services and energy to each part, and how will they reconcile their economies?The answers to most of these questions point towards a reality that would be quite impossible to accept and sustain. In addition, it is safe to say that the problem of a two-state solution runs a lot deeper. For example, the PA is quite weak as it lacks support in Gaza: it is lead by wealthy officials who have no interest in altering the Palestinian reality in the West Bank due to their investments in that region, the economy is unstable in that region, and it depends almost entirely on Israeli and American support and funding.If it became a sovereign state, Palestine’s economy would suffer, as it is greatly linked and depends on both Israel and the international community. From empirical evidence, as is the case with many European countries today and other African and South American countries some years ago, we know that a weak or crumbling economy spells political and social unrest, and therefore a two-state solution would fail to accomplish what a one-state solution may prevent: a failed state and extreme violent uprisings.Moreover, land disputes are an impediment for a clear-cut two-state solution. For example, ten percent of the West Bank would be annexed by Israel (8) as it for ms part of permanent Israeli settlements and land-swaps would occur failing to provide a clear understanding of what would happen to Palestinians living on these â€Å"swapped† territories inside of Israel. For these reasons and more, it is quite unimaginable to even speak of a strong, stable and sovereign Palestinian state at the moment.In sum, neither option seems to be ideal, although on a personal note, I believe that a one-state solution would lead to yet another form of occupation, at least for some years or even generations to come, of lower-class Palestinian-Israelis by Jewish-Israelis as well as to more struggle for land and to more violence, since the Jewish inhabitants of the land evidently enjoy the upper economic and political hand in this conflict. As the South-African example depicts well, the one-state option would lead to an apartheid state for some time at least.Israeli-Jews inevitably would continue to hold onto the economic and socio-political power they e njoy today, which means that Palestinian-Israelis would become second-class citizens who will suffer discrimination in all spheres of life and who may even be compelled by law to participate in that which is the top source of their anguish and hate: the Israeli army. Both sides will forcibly persist in trying to augment their numbers in order to form the standing majority and the foreseeable and very unfortunate event that would unfold is another mid-twentieth century-type civil war.And however complicated a two-state solution may seem, it is an illusion to believe that the Israelis or the Palestinians for that matter would easily give up the idea of having their own independent state. There is no force in this world that could make these two nations give up this aspiration. However, on the other hand, it seems that if the idea of a two-state solution was brought to fruition today it would be a disaster for the Palestinian people, since the content of the solution would inevitably p ut them at a disadvantage in the context of today.In the end, as we can deduce from some of the evidence presented in this essay, one is still left with unanswered questions as well as with new questions pertaining respectively to the best possible option for Israel and Palestine as well as other foreseeable solutions that differ from the one and two-state solutions. References and Works Cited Al-Masri, Hani. â€Å"The Two-State Solution Is Still an Option. † Palestine-Israel Journal of Politics, Economics and Culture 14. 2 (2007): 27-30. Print. ?Avnrey, Uri. â€Å"One State: Solution or Utopia? Palestine-Israel Journal of Politics, Economics and Culture 14. 4 (2007): 7-12. Print. Awad, Samir. â€Å"Http://www. pij. org/details. php? id=1413. † Palestine-Israel Journal: Impact of the Revolutions in the Arab World on the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict AndFuture Prospects. Middle East Publications, 2012. Web. 04 Aug. 2012. . Baskin, Gershon. â€Å"A Choice To Be Made. â €  Palestine-Israel Journal of Politics, Economics and Culture 14. 2 (2007): 94-96. Print. Democracy in America Blog Correspondents. (2011).Palestine Statehood: A Strategic Mistake by Everyone. Available: (http://www. economist. com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2011/09/palestine- statehood-0). Last accessed 3rd Aug 2012. ?Dudai, Ron. â€Å"A Model for Dealing with the Past in the Israeli–Palestinian Context. † The International Journal of Transitional Justice 1 (2007): 249-67. Print. Ghanem, As'ad. â€Å"Cooperation Instead of Separation: A One-State Solution to Promote Israeli-Palestinian Peace. † Palestine-Israel Journal of Politics, Economics and Culture 14. 2 (2007): 13-19. Print. ?Hadi, A. B. A. The Balfour Declaration. † The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 164. 1 (1932): 12-21. Print. ?Kelman, Herbert C. â€Å"The Interdependence of Israeli and Palestinian National Identities: The Role of the Other in Existential Confli cts. † Journal of Social Issues 55. 3 (1999): 581-600. Print. ?Lindsay, Talmud. â€Å"Six South-African Lessons. † Palestine-Israel Journal of Politics, Economics and Culture 14. 2 (2007): 96-100. Print. Majdalani, Ahmad. â€Å"The Serious Threats Facing the Palestinian National Project. † Palestine-Israel Journal of Politics, Economics and Culture 14. (2007): 37-43. Print. Plenary, Sixty-sixth General Assembly. UN General Assembly Archives. 23 Sept. 2011. Peace Can Only Come through Negotiations, Responds Israel’s Prime Minister, Offering ‘Straightforward Discussion’. United Nations NHQ, United States of America, New York. Pollak, Joel. â€Å"A Northern Ireland Solution for the West Bank? † Palestine-Israel Journal of Politics, Economics and Culture 14. 2 (2007): 62-68. Print. ?Ruether, Rosemary, â€Å"Invisible Palestinians: Ideology and Reality in Israel†, Christian Century Publishing, (1987), p. 587.